Temperature and enrichment are predicted to have dramatic impacts on food-webs
Futhermore, metabolic theory predicts that higher trophic level suffer most from high temperature. Metabolic costs increase exponentially with temperature and higher trophic levels have generally higher body mass and then higher basal metabolic cost
Insterestingly, enrichment is predicted to dampens the effect of high temperature by increasing resources thereby decreasing starvation risk due to high temperature (Tabi, Petchey, and Pennekamp 2019)
\(N_i = \alpha + \beta_0F + \beta_1T_i + \beta_2T_iF + \beta_3D_i + \beta_4D_iF + \beta_5D_iT_i \beta_6D_iT_iF+ \epsilon\)
DiagrammeR::grViz("digraph {
graph [layout = dot, rankdir = TB]
node [shape = rectangle]
rec1 [label = 'Temperature']
rec2 [label = 'DBO']
rec3 [label = 'Species richness']
rec4 [label = 'Number of nodes']
rec5 [label = 'Mean trophic level']
rec6 [label = 'Max trophic level']
rec7 [label = 'Connectance']
# edge definitions with the node IDs
rec1 -> rec3
rec1 -> rec4
rec1 -> rec5
rec1 -> rec6
rec1 -> rec7
rec2 -> rec3
rec2 -> rec4
rec2 -> rec5
rec2 -> rec6
rec2 -> rec7
rec3 -> rec4
rec3 -> rec5
rec3 -> rec6
rec3 -> rec7
}",
height = 500)
Due to biological and environmental data availability, the temporal coverage is from 2007 to 2016.
91 sampled lakes and 274 sampled stream stations were considered.
| variable | mean | sd | median | min | max | mean | sd | median | min | max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dbo (mg/L) | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 5.5 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 4.9 |
| temperature (°C) | 13.9 | 1.9 | 13.6 | 9.6 | 18.5 | 11.3 | 1.9 | 11.3 | 1.8 | 17.8 |
| metric | mean | sd | median | min | max | mean | sd | median | min | max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| connectance | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
| max trophic level | 4.0 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 4.4 |
| mean trophic level | 3.3 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 4.2 |
| number of nodes | 40.8 | 10.2 | 39.0 | 21.0 | 67.0 | 31.4 | 14.8 | 30.0 | 8.0 | 92.0 |
Gibert, Jean P. 2019. “Temperature Directly and Indirectly Influences Food Web Structure.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 5312. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41783-0.
Rosenzweig, Michael L. 1971. “Paradox of Enrichment: Destabilization of Exploitation Ecosystems in Ecological Time.” Science 171 (3969): 385–87. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3969.385.
Tabi, Andrea, Owen L. Petchey, and Frank Pennekamp. 2019. “Warming Reduces the Effects of Enrichment on Stability and Functioning Across Levels of Organisation in an Aquatic Microbial Ecosystem.” Edited by Tadashi Fukami. Ecology Letters 22 (7): 1061–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13262.
Uszko, Wojciech, Sebastian Diehl, Göran Englund, and Priyanga Amarasekare. 2017. “Effects of Warming on Predator-Prey Interactions - a Resource-Based Approach and a Theoretical Synthesis.” Edited by Ulrich Brose. Ecology Letters, March. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12755.